A clear distinction between management and leadership may nevertheless prove useful. This would allow for a reciprocal relationship between leadership and management, implying that an effective manager should possess leadership skills, and an effective leader should demonstrate management skills. One clear distinction could provide the following definition:

• Management involves power by position.
• Leadership involves power by influence.

Abraham Zaleznik (1977), for example, delineated differences between leadership and management. He saw leaders as inspiring visionaries, concerned about substance; while managers he views as planners who have concerns with process.

Warren Bennis (1989) further explicated a dichotomy between managers and leaders. He drew twelve distinctions between the two groups:

• Managers administer, leaders innovate.
• Managers ask how and when, leaders ask what and why.
• Managers focus on systems, leaders focus on people.
• Managers do things right, leaders do the right things.
• Managers maintain, leaders develop.
• Managers rely on control, leaders inspire trust.
• Managers have a short-term perspective, leaders have a longer-term perspective.
• Managers accept the status-quo, leaders challenge the status-quo.
• Managers have an eye on the bottom line, leaders have an eye on the horizon.
• Managers imitate, leaders originate.
• Managers emulate the classic good soldier, leaders are their own person.
• Managers copy, leaders show originality.

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